STRUKTUR KOMPUTER

BASIS PERSONAL KOMPUTER SYSTEM

-A komputer system consists of hardware and sofware components

-Hardware is the physical aquipment such as the case storage drives,keyboards,monitors,cables,speakers, and printers.

-Sofware is the operating system and programs

                        -The operating system instructs the computer how to operate

                        -program or applications perform different functions

Computer cases and power supplies

Computer cases

-provides protection and support for internal components

-should be durable,easy to service, and have enought room for expansion

-the size and layout of a case is called a form factor

Power supply

-converts AC power from the wall socket into DC

-Must provide enough power for the installed components and future additions.

FOUR BASIC UNISTS OF ELECTRICITY

-          Voltage (V) is a measure of the force required to push electrons through a circuit. Voltage is measured in volts.a computer power supply usually produces several different voltages.

-          Current (I) is a measure of the amount of electrons going through a circuit. Cerrent is measured in amperes,or amps (A). Computer power supplies deliver different amperages for each output voltage.

-          Power (p) is voltage multiplied by current. The measurement is called watts (w).computer power supplies are rated in watts.

-          Resistanse (R)is the opposition to the flow of current circuit.resistanse is measured and ohms. Lower ristance allows more currents to flow through a circuit.

Internal components

-identify the names charcteristics of:

1. motherboards

2.CPUS

3.cooling systems

4.ROM and RAM

5. adapter cards

6. storage drives

7. internal cables

Motherbords

 -The motherboard is the main printed circuit board 

-contains the buses,or electrical pathways found in acomputer. Busses allow data to travel. Among the various components.

-accommodates cpu,ram,expansion slots,heat sink/fan assembly. Blos chip,chip set,sockets,internal and external,connectors,various ports, and the embedd   wires that interconnect-the motherboard componens.

Motherboard form factors

-the form factor  of motherboards pertains to the size and shape of the board.

-it also describes the physical layout of the different components and devices the motherboard.

-various from factors exist for motherboards.

AT – advanced technology

ATX – advanced technology extended

Mim- ATX- smaller footprint of ATX

Micro - ATX- smaller footprint of ATX

LPX- low-profile extended

Btx – balanced technology extended

Central processing unit (cpu)

-the cpu is know as the brain of the computer. It is also referred to as the processor.

-the cpu executes a program, which is a sequence of stored instructions

-two major cpu as chitectures related to intruction sets:

1.reduced instruction set computer (RISC)

2. complex instruction set computer(CISC)

Central prossecing unit (continued)

-some CPUs incorporate hyperthreading to enhance the performance of the CPU.

-The amount of data that a CPU can process at the one time depends on the size of the processor data bus.

-Overclocking s a tecmique used to make a processor work at a faster speed that its original specification.

-MMX is a set of multimedia instructions boilt into intel processors.

-The latest processes technology has resulted in cpu manu factures

Finding ways to incorporate more that one cpu core into a single chip.

Dual core cpu, triple core cpu and quad core cpu cooling systems.

-          Electronic components generate heat. Too much heat can damase components

-          A case fan makes the cooling process more efficent.

-          A heat simk draws heat away from the core of the cpu. A fan on top of the heat sink moves the heat away from the cpu.

-          Fans can be dedicated to cool the grophics-processing unit (GPU).

ROM and RAM
-read –only memory (ROM)

-ROM contains the basic instructions for booting the computer and loading the operating system are stored in ROM

- RAM

-RAM is temporary storage for data and programes that are being accessed by the cpu.

-RAM is volatile memory,which means that the contens are erased when the computer is powered off

- more RAM means more capacity to hold and process large programs and files, as well as enhance system ferformance.
memory modules

- Memory modules are memory chips that have been so idered on to a special circuit board for easy installation and removal

- Dual inline package (DIP) is an individual memory chip

-single inline memory module (SIMM) ia a small circuit board that holds several memory chip.

-dual inline memory module (DIMM) is a circuit boar that holds SDRAM,DDR SDRAM and DDR2 SDRAM chip.

-RAM bus inline memory module (RIMM) is a circuit boar that holds RDRAM chip.

-small outline DIMM (SODIMM) is a smaller, more condensed version of DIMM which provedes random access data storage that is ideal for usein laptops,printers,and other devices whare conserving space is desirable.

-the speed of memory has a direct  impact on how much data a processor can process becausi faster memory improves the processor.

Cache and error checking

-cache

1.SRAM is usedas cache memory to store the most frequently used data.

2. SRAM provides the processor with faster access to the data that retrieving it from the slower DRAM , or main memory

-erro chehking

1.memorry emors occur when the data is not stored correctily in the RAM chips.

2.the computer user different methods to  detect and correct.

Data errors in memory

Hard drives and hoppy driver

- Hard drives and hoppy driver read or write information to magnetic storage media

- they may be fixod or removable

- the hard disk drive (HDD) is magnetis storage device. The storage capacity is measured in gigalaytes (TIB)

Adapter cards

-Adapter cards increase the functionality of a computer by edding controllers for specifis devices or by replacing imalfunctioning

Ports:

ecamples of adapter cards:

-sound adapter and video adapter

-USB, parallel, and serial ports

-network interface cand (nic),wirelles nic and modem adapter

TYPES  OF EXPANSION SLOTS:

-peripheral component interconnect (PCI)

-adivancer graphics port (ATIP)

-PCI – express

Storage capacity is  measured and gigalaytes (TIB)

-magnetic hard drives have arive motors designed to spin magnetic platters and move the drive heads.

--solid state drives (SSDS) do not have moving partsw,which resolts in faster access to data, highes reliabillty,reduced power.

- A   floppy disk drive (FDD) is stroge drive that uses ramavable 3,5 inch floppy disk can store up to 1-44 MB ofdata.